Flaring -- burning off unwanted natural gas from oil and gas wells --
releases five times more of the potent greenhouse gas methane into the
atmosphere over the United States than previously assumed, according to a study
published Thursday.
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The result is a far greater impact on climate change, with the warming
potential between the stated and actual effectiveness of flaring across the
United States equivalent to putting 2.9 million more cars onto the road each
year, the paper in Science said.
A team led by Genevieve Plant at the University of Michigan carried out
airborne sampling over the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford Shale in Texas, as well
as the Bakken Formation that straddles North Dakota and Montana. These together
account for 80 percent of US flaring.
"We employed a small airplane equipped with highly sensitive sensors to
measure the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide directly downwind of
flare stacks," Plant told AFP.
"Over the course of our airborne survey, we sample around 300 distinct
flare stacks throughout the highest-flaring regions in the US."
The fossil fuel industry and US government work on the assumption that
flares remain lit and destroy methane, the predominant component of natural
gas, with 98 percent efficiency.
But according to the study, a combination of unlit flares and some flares
that were burning highly inefficiently meant that on average, flares destroyed
just 91.1 percent of methane.
That implies methane emissions from flaring in the United States, which
ranks among the top five nations for flaring activity, are five times as high
as currently officially reported.
- Health impacts -
Digging deeper into the numbers, the team found that most flares actually
operate at 98 percent efficiency.
But a modest number of malfunctioning flares operate at efficiency as low as
60 percent, and 3-5 percent of flares are unlit -- directly venting unburned
gas into the atmosphere.
Flaring is an inherently wasteful activity -- as the natural gas associated
with oil extraction could be used for productive purposes.
The amount of gas that is currently flared each year – about 144 billion
cubic meters – could power the whole of sub-Saharan Africa, according to the
World Bank.
Gas is flared for various reasons. Sometimes it is done for safety, since
the extraction process deals with high pressures that can cause
explosions.
At other times it can be economic -- when, for example, the target is oil
and the associated gas isn't considered worth bringing to market.
"From anecdotal conversations with industry experts, one potential
reason flares may be unlit is due to high wind events and then the flares
remain unlit until noticed by the operator if re-igniting systems are either
not installed or not working," said Plant.
The team suggested a number of solutions, key among them: reduce the total
volume of flaring activity, increasing flare efficiency, and reducing the
number of unlit flares.
Technology solutions can also be deployed, such as re-injecting gas back
into oil reservoirs, which is common practice in Alaska.
"Other proposed alternatives to flaring include using the gas to power
equipment on-site, as well as storing it, either compressed or liquefied form,
for later energy use," said Plant.
In a related commentary, authors Riley Duren and Deborah Gordon said the
findings had important health implications for the half million people who live
within five kilometers (three miles) of the three basins studied.
"Unlit and partially combusted flares have the potential to expose
front-line communities to a cocktail of co-pollutants that present risks of
acute and/or chronic health impacts," they said.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with more than 80 times the warming
power of carbon dioxide over the first 20 years it enters the atmosphere --
though carbon dioxide has greater staying power.
Because of this, more than 120 countries have signed a Global Methane Pledge
to cut emissions by 30 percent by 2030.
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