Are some processed meats worse for you than others?

We know that, in general, processed meats are bad for you. But are some types worse for you than others?

Hot dogs and baseball games. Bacon and Sunday mornings. Bratwurst and barbecues. American culture is steeped in joyous occasions featuring processed meats, but when that indulgence extends beyond the occasional celebration, experts say you should cut back.اضافة اعلان

“The evidence is quite convincing that regular consumption of processed meats is detrimental to health, including colorectal cancer, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease,” said Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology and chair of the department of nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. And, overall, he added, most health experts agree that “processed meats are more harmful than non-processed meats”.

Processed meats can include ham, sausage, bacon, deli meats (such as bologna, smoked turkey and salami), hot dogs, jerky, pepperoni, and even sauces made with those products. When meat is processed, it is transformed through curing, fermenting, smoking or salting in order to boost flavor and shelf life.

In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that processed meat was “carcinogenic to humans”, citing “sufficient evidence” that it caused colorectal cancer. The World Cancer Research Fund International recommends eating little, if any, processed meat, and limiting red meat to about three portions (or about 340–500g) per week.

It is important to limit intake of red meat — most commonly beef and pork in the US — even when it is not processed, because it is tied to not only cancer but also heart disease, stroke and an overall risk of death. (In its 2015 announcement about processed meats, the WHO classified red meat as “probably carcinogenic”.)

Experts cannot definitively recommend one type of processed meat over another because of the way research is currently conducted.

“Most studies focus on highly consumed processed meats: hot dogs, bacon, sausages,” Hu said. So, because all types of processed meats get lumped together in most studies, he added, “it is difficult to make a conclusive statement regarding which processed meats are better or worse than others”. And, he noted, people who tend to eat one type of processed meat tend to eat others, so it is challenging to tease out the effect of one over another.

One large 2021 study performed in Britain, for instance, concluded that for every additional 25g of processed meat in a person’s daily diet, the risk of dementia increased by 44 percent, and that of Alzheimer’s disease increased by 52 percent.

 “Theoretically, you can argue that processed poultry and fish are not as bad as processed red meat,” Hu said, citing the lower saturated fat content of poultry and fish and the abundance of omega-3 fatty acids in certain types of fish.

“But we do not have evidence to support this,” he said, so until more research is done, treat processed poultry and fish products with similar caution.

The main issue seems to be the processing itself, rather than what the processed meat is made from, said Marji McCullough, senior scientific director of epidemiology research at the American Cancer Society. The act of curing or preserving with nitrates and nitrites, which can create carcinogenic chemicals in food, might contribute to the cancer risk, McCullough said.

Another possible variable, she added, is that cooking meat at high temperatures can form additional carcinogens. This includes cooking meat in direct contact with a flame or hot surface, like when barbecuing, grilling or pan-frying.

Aside from cancer risks, all processed meats tend to be high in sodium, so that is “an important factor”, Hu said. Excess sodium intake can increase the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

Processed meats have also been linked to an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and dementia. One large 2021 study performed in Britain, for instance, concluded that for every additional 25g of processed meat in a person’s daily diet, the risk of dementia increased by 44 percent, and that of Alzheimer’s disease increased by 52 percent.

Vijaya Surampudi, an assistant professor of medicine at the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition, said the concern with processed meat is that it can increase inflammation in the body, in part by altering the microbiome of the gut.



“The gut bacteria interact with our immune system and eventually lead to chronic inflammation,” she said, which can affect blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol, increasing the risk of chronic disease and even death.

“A plant-based diet will be much more preventive at reducing risk,” Surampudi said.

“It does not mean you have to go 100 percent vegan or vegetarian,” she said, just that the majority of your diet should come from plant-based sources.

This way of eating is also typically better for the environment.

So, does this mean it is better to eat plant-based processed meat alternatives?

“Potentially, processed meat alternatives are better than processed meats, but not all processed meat alternatives are created equal,” Hu said. Ultimately, it depends on what the products are made of — whether they are fully plant-based analogs or products made from a blend of meat and vegetables. But, he added, “of course, a more optimal diet should be based on minimally processed, plant-based foods”.

What about products labeled “no nitrates or nitrites added”? Nitrate-free meats may use ingredients like celery juice, a natural nitrate, but it is unclear whether these are better for health than those made with synthetic nitrates or nitrites.

For products with labels like “organic”, “no antibiotics”, “fed a vegetarian diet” or “humanely raised”, Surampudi said: “I do think if people can choose lean cuts, organic and vegetarian feeds — if you are able to afford it — that is better, because whatever the animal you are consuming ate, that gets concentrated in that animal’s body, and then we consume it.” This is an important factor to consider with all animal-based foods, processed or not.

In the end, the processed meats that are worst for you are the ones you might find yourself eating routinely, rather than as an occasional treat. Which means: Every now and then — at a baseball game or a family barbecue, for instance — go ahead and have a hot dog. Just do not make it a habit.


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