Of all the types of
headaches, migraines are likely the most infamous.
Globally, it is estimated that migraines affects 11 percent of the population,
although some reports estimate the prevalence to be as high as 32 percent.
اضافة اعلان
A 2009 study
conducted in Jordan focused on assessing the prevalence of migraine in
Jordanian adults. The study found that migraine seems to affect 7.7 percent of
the population. Although the prevalence may be lower in Jordan than in other
parts of the world, it is still a burdening condition that can significantly
affect a person’s quality of life.
Proper diagnosis and management of migraines
can help mitigate its consequences.
Types of migraine
Headaches can be broadly classified into primary and secondary. A primary
headache is pain in the head, with the pain itself being the condition, whereas
a secondary headache is the result of a secondary condition.
Migraine is
classified as a primary headache and therefore management is focused on
treating the pain itself. Headaches can be further divided into two
subcategories: episodic and chronic. Episodic headaches occur infrequently, but
no more than 15 times in a single month. Typically, they last from half an hour
to several hours per episode. Chronic headaches are more consistent and occur
more than 15 times in a single month. It is estimated that chronic migraine
affects 1–2 percent of the world’s population; 2.5 percent of the episodic
migraines may evolve into chronic migraines.
… migraine seems to affect 7.7 percent of the population. Although the prevalence may be lower in Jordan than in other parts of the world, it is still a burdening condition that can significantly affect a person’s quality of life.
Progression of a migraine
• Prodrome phase: Early warning signs of a migraine are subtle and
known as the prodrome phase. The prodrome phase typically occurs 1-2 days prior
to a migraine, but symptoms may go unnoticed. The symptoms include constipation,
depression, frequent yawning, irritability, and food cravings.
• Aura phase:
Visual disturbances, known as migraine aura, are
unique to migraines and occur in 33 percent of those who suffer from them. A
migraine aura often occurs 10–30 minutes before a migraine and may serve as an
indication that a migraine attack is imminent. These visual disturbances may be
described as seeing flashing or shimmering lights, zigzag lines, stars, or
blind spots. Auras may also be associated with tingling on one side of the
face, one arm, or difficulty speaking. These symptoms mimic those of a stroke,
so it is important for those who frequently experience auras to learn the
distinguishing features of the two.
Migraines alone do not cause death or brain damage
directly. However, it is important to note that those who suffer from auras may
be at an increased risk of death due to cardiovascular complications.
• Headache phase: This is the point at which a migraine is in full
effect. It is commonly described as an intense pulsing or throbbing sensation
from deep within your head that can last for days. Additionally, the pain is
typically felt on one side of the head and often accompanied by sensitivity to
light and sound, which may cause nausea and vomiting.
The exact cause of a migraine is unknown, but it
is believed to be caused by abnormal brain activity which then affects nerve
signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. Some may not experience
this phase, but only experience the aura phase. This particular type of
migraine is known as migraine aura without a headache.
• Postdromal phase: This phase marks the end of the headache. However,
it is still a dedicated phase because during this period people who just
suffered a migraine frequently report feelings of confusion, exhaustion, or
generally
feeling unwell.
Who is most at risk?
Despite migraines being
fairly common, science still understands little about them. As a result, it is
difficult to assess which factors play a significant role in developing
migraines. The current belief is that a person’s genetics plays a role in
susceptibility. However, numerous observational studies have other factors that
may play a role.
Certain races and
ethnicities are more likely to develop migraines. A 2015 study conducted in the
US found that
Native Americans had a prevalence of migraines as high as 17.7
percent, whereas Asian Americans had a prevalence of 9.2 percent. These
observations help further the theory that genes play a role in developing
migraines.
Despite migraines being fairly common, science still understands little about them. As a result, it is difficult to assess which factors play a significant role in developing migraines.
It is also believed
that women are three times more likely to develop migraines than men. Many
suggest that this is due to the frequent hormonal changes in women. Other
factors such as post-traumatic stress disorder and obesity have been found to
increase the risk, although little is understood about the relationship.
What can cause migraine attacks?
Since women are the majority of migraine sufferers, one of the most
common triggers for a migraine is hormonal fluctuations.
During menstruation,
women may experience what is known as a menstrual migraine. This typically
occurs a few days before the start of menstruation and during the first couple
of days as well. The time before, during, and after menopause may serve as a
trigger for migraines.
Oral
contraceptives can cause changes in hormones that can also act as a trigger.
Other triggers can affect both males and females. Loud noises and bright lights
are a common trigger for some. Similarly, pungent or noxious odors, such as
strong perfumes or smoke, can cause an attack. Certain disruptions in
lifestyle, such as skipping meals, changes in sleep, or alcohol use, can also
play a role.
How to manage migraines
Being able to manage migraines is important, since it can be often
debilitating and negatively impact the quality of life. It is first important
to receive a proper diagnosis and to not self-medicate, since you can do more
harm to yourself.
Generally,
over-the-counter medications such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin can be
helpful for mild migraines. However, these medications should be taken as
instructed, as overuse may cause rebound headaches.
For those who
suffer from moderate to severe migraines, especially chronic migraines,
prescription medication ordered by the doctor may be needed. Commonly
prescribed are blood pressure medication, antidepressants, anti-seizure
medications, and even
Botox injection. Melatonin has been recently investigated
as a potential medication used in the prevention of migraines. A 2017 review
found that 3mg taken nightly was effective in preventing migraines, but it is
important to consult your doctor before taking it.
There are also a
few lifestyle changes that may help prevent migraines. Eating regularly and
avoiding certain foods and drinks that can cause migraines, such as alcohol and
caffeine, can help. It is also important to practice good sleep hygiene. This
means sleeping and waking at consistent times and trying to get a full 8 hours
of sleep. Exercise may also help prevent migraines and reduce the
cardiovascular associated with auras. It is recommended that you practice 150
minutes of moderate -intensity exercise per week.
Lastly, headaches
are often associated with stress. As a result, practicing relaxation techniques
such as yoga, medication, or deep breathing exercises as highly encouraged.
Similarly, engaging in recreational hobbies that you find enjoyable can also
help reduce stress.
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