Eight-legged candy-striper killers prowl before the sun rises

In US hospitals, candy stripers are selfless volunteers. Candy stripers of the eight-legged variety, however, appear not so benevolent. New research reveals that two species of candy-striped spider have secret night lives, leaving their cobwebs to carry out violent predation after dark.اضافة اعلان

Two scientists published their discovery last month in the journal Ecology. One of them, Catherine Scott, an arachnologist, conducted this research while working on her doctorate at the University of Toronto, Scarborough. She said these common spiders, native to Europe but now widespread in the US and Canada, are known for doing “fairly normal web-building spider stuff” and for the genes that cause their stripy features, but their active hunting of big prey at night had escaped notice. Her colleague Sean McCann, also an arachnologist who was then at Scarborough, first suspected the spiders’ clandestine habits.


A candy-striped spider feeding on a bumblebee.

McCann is an avid macro photographer with a penchant for snagging beauty shots of snoozing bugs on dead vegetation during predawn hours. While working on black widow spider research on the Tsawout First Nation territory on Vancouver Island in Canada, McCann discovered mass carnage being carried out by candy-striper spiders during his morning photo shoots on the beach. The smoking gun was the discovery of numerous sleeping wasps entombed in web, their innards sucked dry. This grisly scene prompted the two researchers to take a closer look.

Striking sleeping preyFirst, they checked to see if other scientists had documented candy-striped nocturnal killing of sleeping insects. They had not. Some, including English naturalist W.S. Bristowe, had noted in the 1930s how this species lurks by its web, ready to pounce and hurl sticky threads after sensing vibrations. This was not their only previously recorded hunting strategy, however.

“These spiders have very poor vision”, so on nighttime forays, they most likely navigate by touch and smell, sensing their environment via taste hairs

Candy-striper spiders were also known thieves, poaching prey from the webs of neighboring spiders, including, as Scott and McCann observed, black widows. Still others had noted candy-striper spiders using no web at all while nabbing nimble leafhoppers. As for night wanderings, however, Scott and McCann may be the first to document candy stripers’ slaying of sleeping prey.

“It all happens very rapidly,” Scott said, giving a play-by-play. Upon contact with the sleeping bug’s cuticle, candy stripers pull sticky silk from spinnerets with their legs, slinging this glue droplet lasso around the insect. Then, as they alternately inject venom and wrap with more silk, “it’s game over for the wasp”, said Scott, her love for spiders evident in a large double-sided black widow tattoo on her forearm during a video call.

She added that “these spiders have very poor vision”, so on nighttime forays, they most likely navigate by touch and smell, sensing their environment via taste hairs, which function like a nose-mouth organ at the ends of their legs.

Ravenous spider appetitesCurious to know if nighttime marauding is common in candy stripers, the pair surveyed vegetation in their study area for two weeks, photographing predation in progress or evidence left behind.

They also engineered predatory opportunities, introducing spiders to the base of vegetation where insects were sleeping topside. Sure enough, spiders, sensing slow food, climbed stalks to do their deeds. Even without human transport, however, candy-striped spiders were observed ballooning and rappelling between insect bedrooms, surreptitiously securing sleeping targets with sticky silk.

Candy-striped spiders are not choosy about what they eat, preying on about 250 species, mainly bees and wasps. Nighttime forays are cleverly timed, Scott said. Prey species are relatively well defended during the day but “rather helpless at night”, she said, because it takes time for a sleeping insect to rouse enough to defend itself.

Nighttime forays are cleverly timed, Scott said. Prey species are relatively well defended during the day but “rather helpless at night”

Spider hunting habits are incredibly diverse, ranging from familiar sticky webs to webless ambushing of prey beyond insects, including fish, bats, birds, and other spiders. But Dinesh Rao, an arachnologist at the University of Veracruz in Mexico, who was not involved in the study, finds this newly discovered behavior surprising, suspecting it is a response to the abundance of sleeping insects.

We know very little about the behavior of the vast majority of the 50,000 spider species named to date, Rao said. “While there are a handful that are well studied,” he said, “we lack basic behavioral knowledge of most spiders.”

Scott and McCann said this new discovery underlines the importance of taking time to be curious and “simply watch”, something modern ecologists rarely do, they argue. It took almost 100 years before anyone reported the remarkable marauding behavior of these extremely common species, prompting them to wonder how many other spider mysteries are yet unspun.