HUWAIZAH MARSHES, Iraq — To feed and cool
his buffaloes, Hashem Gassed must cross 10km of sunburnt land in southern Iraq,
where drought is devastating swathes of the mythical Mesopotamian Marshes.
اضافة اعلان
The reputed home of the biblical
Garden of Eden,
Iraq’s swamplands have been battered by three years of drought and low rainfall,
as well as reduced water flows along rivers and tributaries originating in
neighboring Turkey and Iran.
Vast expanses of the once lush Huwaizah Marshes,
straddling the border with Iran, have been baked dry, their vegetation
yellowing. Stretches of the Chibayish Marshes, which are popular with tourists,
are suffering the same fate.
“The marshes are our livelihood — we used to fish
here and our livestock could graze and drink,” said Gassed, 35, from a hamlet
near Huwaizah.
Southern Iraq’s marshlands were inscribed as a
UNESCO World Heritage site in 2016, both for their biodiversity and their
ancient history.
But now, beds of dry streams snake around the once
verdant wetlands, and the area’s Um Al-Naaj lake has been reduced to puddles of
muddy water among the largely dry ground.
Like his father before him, Gassed raises buffaloes,
but only five of the family’s around 30 animals are left.
The others died or were sold as the family struggles
to make ends meet.
Family members watch carefully over those that remain,
fearful that the weak, underfed beasts might fall in the mud and die.
“We have been protesting for more than two years and
no one is listening,” Gassed said.
“We are at a loss where to go. Our lives are over.”
‘No more fish’
Nestled between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers, the
Mesopotamian Marshes suffered under the former
dictator Saddam Hussein, who ordered that they be drained in 1991 as punishment
for communities protecting insurgents, and to hunt them down.
The wetlands have sporadically gone through years of
harsh drought in the past, before being revived by good rainy seasons.
But between
August 2020 and this month, 46 percent of the swamplands of southern Iraq,
including Huwaizah and Chibayish, suffered total surface water loss, according
to Dutch peace-building organization PAX.
Another 41 percent of marsh areas suffered from
reduced water levels and wetness, according to the organization, which used
satellite data to make the assessment.
The UN’s
Food and Agriculture Organization in Iraq
said the marshes were “one of the poorest regions in Iraq and one of the most
affected by the climate change”, warning of “unprecedented low water levels”.
It noted the “disastrous impact” on more than 6,000
families who “are losing their buffaloes, their unique living asset”.
Biodiversity is also at risk.
The swamplands provide a home for “numerous
populations of threatened species”, and are an important stopping point for
around 200 species of migratory water birds, according to UNESCO.
Environmental activist Ahmed Saleh Neema said there
were “no more fish”, wild boar, or even a subspecies of smooth-coated otter in
the marshes.
‘Like a desert’
He said the Huwaizah
swamplands were irrigated by two tributaries of the Tigris River, which
originates in Turkey, but that their flows had dropped.
Iraqi authorities are rationing supplies to cover
different needs, he said.
“The government wants to preserve the largest
quantity of water possible,” he added, lamenting “unfair water sharing” and
“poor (resource) management”.
After pressure from protesters, authorities
partially opened the valves, he said, but had closed them again.
On the Iranian side, the Huwaizah Marshes, called
Hoor Al-Azim, are also suffering.
“The wetland is facing water stress and currently
about half of its Iranian part has dried up,” Iran’s state news agency IRNA
reported recently.
Hatem Hamid, who heads the Iraqi government’s water
management center, said that “on the Iranian side, the main river that feeds
the Huwaizah marsh has been totally cut for more than a year”.
The water needs of
Iraqi farms and marshlands are
only half met, he acknowledged, as authorities are closely monitoring reserves
and trying to cover a range of uses, with drinking water one of the
“priorities”.
Iraqi officials point to canals and small streams
that have been rehabilitated to feed into the marshes — and to where some
families have relocated from dried-out areas.
But it is “impossible to compensate for the very
high evaporation in the marshes” in temperatures that pass 50°C, he added.
In Chibayish, the effects of the drought are all too
clear to Ali Jawad, who said dozens of families had left his hamlet.
“They migrated towards other regions, looking for
areas where there is water,” the 20-year-old said.
“Before, when we used to come to the marshes, there
was greenery, water, inner peace,” he added.
“Now it’s like a desert.”
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