Barely a month after taking office as the United Nations’ new human rights
chief, Volker Türk was in Sudan’s war-torn Darfur region last week meeting
victims of a conflict that has displaced millions.
اضافة اعلان
A day later, in the capital, Khartoum, he met the
generals who were clinging to power with the help of troops using lethal force
against protesters. He told the generals that Sudan needed to transition to
civilian rule and “make sure that the human rights for all people of Sudan are
the driving force behind this political process”.
Past UN high commissioners for human rights
typically took some months in the Geneva lakeside headquarters of the UN human
rights office to familiarize themselves with the complexities of the job before
leaving for country visits. But Türk started arranging his Sudan visit before
officially starting the job and is working on making one or two trips more
before the end of the year. A mission to Ukraine is reportedly on his agenda.
On Thursday, the unrest in Iran was top of the list.
In an emergency session, the UN Human Rights Council decided to investigate
Tehran’s response to protests against clerical rule, a crackdown that has
resulted in hundreds of deaths.
The council called for the appointment of an international
fact-finding mission to look into Iranian authorities’ reaction to the
widespread demonstrations, which were kindled by the death in police custody in
September of Mahsa Amini, 22, who had been arrested on charges of violating the
law on headscarves.
Making his first statement to the council, Türk
delivered a sharp critique of Iranian authorities’ actions, saying that they
had led to 300 deaths, including more than 40 children; a “staggering” 14,000
arrests; and at least six protesters sentenced to death.
“The old methods and the fortress mentality of those
who wield power simply don’t work,” he said. “Change is inevitable. The way
forward is meaningful reforms.”
Türk’s speed embracing his new job points to the
practical advantages he brings to the post as a UN insider familiar with the
organization’s byzantine bureaucracy. Türk, 57, brings 30 years’ experience of
working for the UN, first in its refugee agency — for which he visited Darfur
11 years ago — and then for the past three years working for Secretary-General
António Guterres in New York as a policy adviser, including on human rights.
Türk’s past as an insider, however, has contributed
to the frosty response his appointment drew from international rights
organizations. UN chiefs in the past chose former heads of government, eminent
jurists or diplomatic heavyweights for the famously difficult human rights
post, since the job requires courting world leaders and, at times, admonishing
them for their human rights failings.
Türk, critics said, was unsuited by experience and
temperament for such a delicate role. And his appointment by a UN
secretary-general perceived as weak on human rights stoked fears that Guterres
had picked a quiet diplomat more likely to share his boss’ preference for backroom
diplomacy than deploying the powerful weapon of public pressure.
Türk recalled how, in Kuwait after the first Gulf War, he spent long hours interviewing Palestinian and Iraqi detainees and hearing traumatic experiences of imprisonment, sexual abuse and torture.
But Türk’s steady stream of statements in his first
month on the job have given some critics hope. On his second day in office, he
condemned Ethiopian airstrikes on civilian targets in Tigray as “completely
unacceptable”. After Elon Musk took over Twitter, Türk issued an open letter
reminding the tech billionaire of the platform’s responsibility “to avoid
amplifying content that results in harms to people’s rights”.
And as the COP27 climate conference opened in Egypt,
Türk drew the host government’s ire for urging it to release Alaa Abdel-Fattah,
a political prisoner who was recently on a hunger strike, along with other
“unfairly convicted” detainees.
Bigger challenges loom.
A major test of Türk’s effectiveness will be what he
does to follow up on the report his predecessor, Michelle Bachelet, released
minutes before stepping down that found China might have committed crimes
against humanity in repressing Uyghur and other Muslims in its far western
region of Xinjiang.
China dismissed the report as a politicized
concoction of Western lies that the UN should not have published. Chinese
diplomats in Geneva sought to discredit the report as lacking support in the
high commissioner’s office.
Beijing may find Türk’s reaction disappointing. He
says he considers the document meticulously researched and important.
“It’s my office’s report, and I’m invested in it,”
he said in an interview. “There are strong recommendations, and my focus will
be on finding ways and means to engage with the Chinese authorities on
implementing those recommendations.”
More generally, Türk told journalists this month: “I
will speak out when we feel that our voice can make a difference or when it is
needed to amplify especially the voices of victims or to sound the alarm.”
Türk’s activism comes as no surprise to former
colleagues familiar with his career in the UN refugee agency. After field
assignments in Congo, Kosovo and Southeast Asia, he rose to be head of
protection, a role some describe as human rights in action.
“He’s a roll-up-your-sleeves, get-your-hands-dirty
kind of guy, not an office dweller,” said Kirsten Young, a UN colleague and
close friend who worked alongside Türk in Kosovo and other areas. “A lot of the
work he has been involved in was lifesaving.”
For those who know him well, Young said, Türk’s
appointment as the UN human rights chief was a natural culmination of his
life’s work.
“Destiny fulfilled,” she called it.
Türk sees his new job as the natural progression
after a lifelong focus on human rights.
“It started very early,” he said, producing as
evidence a faded, dismembered copy of the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human
Rights that he received as a teenager in school and still carries in his
wallet.
“I was marked by the history of my country,” he
said, alluding to the Nazis’ annexation of Austria and the country’s links to
the Holocaust. “I’m still part of that generation that thought: How could it
happen, that’s unbelievable, what can I do to search for a better world?”
A law degree followed in the 1970s, when, he says,
he was impressed by the growing feminist and anti-apartheid movements. He then
earned a doctorate in international refugee law, paving the way for his hiring
by the UN refugee agency.
“I was fascinated by the fact that the UN can go
into a situation and directly do something for people,” he said.
The refugee protection work also took its toll. Türk
recalled how, in Kuwait after the first Gulf War, he spent long hours
interviewing Palestinian and Iraqi detainees and hearing traumatic experiences
of imprisonment, sexual abuse and torture.
“You deal with it,” he said, “but it marked me a
lot.”
Now, his ambitions as high commissioner include
building a much stronger UN human rights presence on the ground and raising
much more money for an office that is underfunded to meet the demands it faces.
The “biggest challenge” Türk foresees is to rekindle
a global consensus recognizing human rights as universal and central to
tackling the cutting-edge issues of the day, including the war in Ukraine and
climate change. He pushes back at the “misconception” that the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the cornerstone of international human rights
protections adopted since World War II, is a cocktail of Western values.
Human rights, he says, “cannot be the collateral damage of
geopolitics and division”.
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