While some African elephants parade across the savanna and
thrill tourists on safari, others are more discreet. They stay hidden in the
forests, eating fruit.
اضافة اعلان
“You feel pretty lucky when you catch sight of them,” said
Kathleen Gobush, a Seattle-based conservation biologist and member of the
African Elephant Specialist Group within the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The threat of extinction has diminished the odds of spotting one
of these wood-dwelling elephants in recent decades, according to a new IUCN Red
List assessment of African elephants released. The Red List categorizes species
by their risk of forever vanishing from the world. The new assessment is the
first in which the conservation union treats Africa’s forest and savanna
elephants as two species instead of one.
Both are in bad shape. The last time the group assessed African
elephants, in 2008, it listed them as vulnerable. Now it says savanna elephants
are endangered, one category worse.
The shy forest elephants have lost nearly nine-tenths of their
number in a generation and are now critically endangered — just one step from
extinction in the wild.
Led by Gobush, the assessment team gathered data from 495 sites
across Africa. A statistical model let them use the elephant numbers from each
site to see broader trends for both species.
“We essentially looked at data from as far back as possible,”
Gobush said. The IUCN aims for three generations of data to get a full picture
of an animal’s well-being. But for the long-lived elephants, that’s a
challenge. The average savanna elephant mother gives birth at 25 years; forest
elephant moms are 31 on average. Because the earliest surveys researchers could
find were from the 1960s and 1970s, they could peer back only two generations
for savanna elephants, and a single generation for forest elephants.
Even during those few decades, the changes were drastic. The
population of savanna elephants has fallen at least 60 percent, the team found.
Forest elephants have declined by more than 86 percent.
“That is alarming,” said Ben Okita, a Nairobi-based conservation
biologist with Save the Elephants. Okita is co-chair of the conservation union’s
African Elephant Specialist Group but did not work on the new assessment.
Okita said that considering the two elephant species separately
was helping to reveal just how bad things are, especially for the forest
elephant.
“The forest elephants, in most cases, have been largely ignored,”
he said. Grouping the two elephants together probably masked just how bad
things were for the forest elephant, he said.
The IUCN made the change because in recent years, “It’s become
clear that genetically these two species are different,” Okita said. The final
piece of evidence for the conservation union was a 2019 study it commissioned
that showed the two elephants only rarely reproduce with each other.
Alfred Roca, a geneticist at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, said the IUCN’s recognition of two African elephant species
was a little tardy. More than two decades ago, a study of 295 skulls in museums
found “enormous differences” between the two types of elephants, he said. In
life, forest elephants have smaller bodies, rounder ears and straighter tusks
than savanna elephants.
Genetically, “The separation between them is probably greater
than the separation between lions and tigers,” Roca said.
Still, he said: “It’s never too late. I’m delighted that they’ve
done this, because it really highlights the terrible situation that the forest
elephant is in.”
It will be especially hard for forest elephants to bounce back,
Roca added, because of how long they wait to reproduce — six years longer than
the savanna elephants. The IUCN assessment also found that 70 percent of forest
elephants might live outside protected areas, leaving them especially
vulnerable to ivory poachers.
Elephants being killed for their ivory tusks isn’t a new
problem, and neither is the habitat loss they face.
“It’s the same two main threats that have afflicted the animals
forever,” Gobush said. Poaching comes in waves, she added; it was especially
severe in the 1980s and reached another peak in 2011.
Where elephants disappear, they leave a big gap — not just
physically, but also in the work they do. Some tree species depend entirely on
forest elephants to eat their fruits, swallow their large seeds and deposit
them elsewhere in a pile of dung.
As they knock down trees and chew up huge amounts of plant
material, both forest and savanna elephants change their environments in ways
that create new habitat for other species.
“Both of them really could be considered gardeners tending to
the vegetation, more than probably any other animal,” Gobush said. “We just can’t
afford to lose them, really.”
But there is some good news.
Savanna elephants are “thriving,” Okita said, in the Kavango
Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, which overlaps five countries in
southern Africa. In some parts of Gabon and the Republic of Congo, forest
elephant populations have stabilized or even grown. Where people are protecting
elephants against poachers and planning land use carefully, Okita said, there
has been progress.
He wonders, though, whether reversing the African elephants’
decline will require not just policy, but also reaching people on a personal
level and making them feel the urgency.
“At the moment we are getting to the minds of the people,” Okita
said. “But we need to get to the hearts.”
.jpg)
.jpg)
